Evolution

Proterozoic to Cambrian
Hadean Era>
Archean Era
Vendian Period

Palaeogeology:
Stratigraphy
Digital Library for Earth System Education
Precambrian Sedimentary Environments

History of Life:
Major Events in the History of Life
Highlights in the Evolution of Vertebrates

Palaeontology & Fossils:
What are lagerstätten?
The Fossil Record 2
Basic concepts and introduction, Smithsonian Museum
University of Otago site (esp. fossil whales and dolphins)
Images of fossils from the research collections in the Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Peabody Museum, Yale
..Commercial
Extinctions.com
Paleosearch Inc.
St Petersburg Paleontological Laboratory
Famous Fossils
fossils UK
Langs Fossils
Nature Source
Paleo Direct
Primitive Worlds
Sahara Overland
Stones & Bones
The Fossil Record
The Stone Company
Treasures of the Earth Ltd.
Two Guys Fossils
Verhulst’s Fossils
Hong Kong Fossils - fossilshk.com

Lagerstätten:
Table of Lagerstätten
What are lagerstätten?
The Fossil Record 2
Cambrian Lagerstätten
Peabody Museum, Yale
University of Bristol
University of California, Berkeley, web page
Chengjiang
Introduction
Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum
International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy
Burgess Shale
Carleton Museum site
International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy
Peabody Museum, Yale (click lagerstätten, then Burgess Shale)
Royal Tyrrell Museum
University of Calgary site
University of Rochester site
Yoho Burgess Shale Foundation
Replaying Gould: A critical review of some of the arguments presented in his book Wonderful Life.
Emu Bay Shale (Kangaroo Island)
Page prepared by Chris Nedin
Sirius Passet
Introduction

Extinctions:
Extinction
Extinctions.com commercial


Cambrian:
Wonderful Life – Stephen J. Gould
The Crucible of Creation – Simon Conway Morris
Fossils of the Burgess Shale – Derek Briggs, Douglas Erwin & Frederick Collier
Vendian-Lower Cambrian Column
Ediacaran Biota
Cambrian Period
Replaying Gould: A critical review of some of the arguments presented in his book Wonderful Life.
Vendian-Cambrian Boundary
Cambrian Explosion
Cambrian Lagerstätten
University of California, Berkeley, web page
Berkeley TechTonics and Paleoclimate page
Links to IUGS Commissions, Subcommissions & affiliates
International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy— Main Page— Cambrian Stratigraphy Page— Life in the Cambrian
Knoll & Carroll 1999
University of Bristol page
University of California, Santa Barbara page

Phanerozoic:
Phanerozoic Column
Ediacaran Assemblage
Cambrian Period
Small Shelly Fauna
Triassic Period
Devonian Period
Silurian Period
Ordovician Period
Cambrian Period

Taxonomy:
Dinosaurs (Myths)
Dinocarida (incl. anomalocaridids)
Graptolites
Trilobites
Ediacaran Faunas

Cell Biology

• CELL BIOLOGY • active transport • apoptosis • cell membranes • centrioles • cilia• communication • concentration gradients • cytoplasm • cytoskeleton • death of cells• energy transducers • endoplasmic reticulum • endosomes • eukaryotic • exosome• Golgi apparatus • ion channels • lysosome • meiosis • microtubules • mitosis• mitochondrion • nuclear membrane • nuclear pore • nucleolus • nucleus • peroxisome• phagocytosis • photosynthesis • physiological function • pinocytosis • plant cell• prokaryotic • protein degradation • pumps • receptor proteins• receptor-mediated endocytosis • reproduction • ribosomes • spindle • structure• transport • vacuole • vesicle• CELL SIGNALING • GPCRs • GPCR families • hormones • Nitric Oxide• neurotransmission • neuronal interconnections • phosphotransfer-mediated signaling pathways • Protein Kinase Signaling Networks • signaling gradients• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • amino acids • caspases • proteins

Chemistry of Life

~ SITE MAP ~ alphabetic ~ MOLECULAR GENETICS ~ Molecular Genetics Overview~ alternative splicing ~ archival DNA~ base ~ base excision repair BER ~ capping ~ chloroplasts ~ cilia and flagella ~ cis versus trans-acting factors ~ codon ~ DNA ~ DNA damage C to T C to U ~ DNA repair ~ DNA damage by ROS ~ DNA polymerases ~ targetted genetic repair ~ double strand breaks ~ endoplasmic reticulum ~ enhancer ~ epigenetics ~ eukaryotes and prokaryotes ~ exon ~ genes ~ genome ~ gene regulation ~ genetic template ~ Group I and II introns ~ helicases ~ heterochromatin ~ insulator ~ intron ~ DNA mutation and alkylation ~ ionizing radiation ~ mismatch repair T U mismatch ~ nonsense-mediated decay ~ nonstop decay ~ nucleic acids ~ nucleobases & nucleosides & nucleotides / AMP / ATP / cAMP /adenosine / CDP / DNA RNA / GDP / GMP / GTP / UDP / UMP /~ nucleosome ~ nucleotide ~ nucleotide excision repair ~ nuclear speckles ~ open reading frame ORF ~ oxoG repair ~ oxidative stress and DNA damage ~ polyadenylation ~ post-transcriptional modulation ~ RNA processing~ pre-mRNA ~ pre-mRNA splicing ~ proteome ~ regulatory proteins ~ regulatory sequence ~ reverse transcriptase ~ replication~ ribosomes ~ ribosomal structure ~ RNA ~ RNA polymerase ~ mRNA ~ miRNAs ~ tRNA~ rRNAs ~ ribozymes in repair of RNA and DNA ~ ribozymes ~ self-splicing ~ silencers ~ snoRNAs~ splice-site splice-sites ~ spliceosome ~ SSOs ~ template ~trans-splicing ribozymes and therapeutics ~ transcription ~ termination of transcription ~ translation ~ Research techniques ~ SITE MAP ~BIOCHEMISTRY ~ Biochemistry overview ~ amines ~ amino acids : acidic amino acids : acidic and basic amino acids : basic amino acids : polar amino acids : non-polar amino acids ~ adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil ~ amphipathic ~ cofactor cofactors ~ enzyme ~ heterocyclic ~ hormones ~ hydrogen bond ~ hydrophilic ~ hydrophobic ~ neurotransmitters ~ peptide ~ polypeptide ~ phospolipid ~ proteins ~ thermochemistry ~ Horizontal Genomics: Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution. ~ Item links

Molecular Genetics

~ SITE MAP ~ Molecular Genetics ~ Molecular Genetics Overview~ alternative splicing ~ transcription ~ base excision repair ~ cis versus trans-acting factors~ capping ~ codon ~ DNA polymerases ~ DNA ~ DNA repair ~ DNA damage by ROS~ targetted genetic repair ~ double strand breaks ~ enhancer ~ epigenetics ~ exon~ genes ~ genome ~ gene regulation ~ helicases ~ heterochromatin ~ insulator ~ intron~ mismatch repair ~ nonsense-mediated decay ~ nonstop decay ~ nucleic acids ~ nucleosome~ nucleotide ~ nucleotide excision repair ~ nuclear speckles ~ open reading frame~ oxidative stress and DNA damage ~ oxoG repair ~ polyadenylation ~ RNA processing~ pre-mRNA ~ pre-mRNA splicing ~ proteome ~ regulatory proteins ~ replication~ ribosomes ~ ribosomal structure ~ ribozymes ~ ribozymes in repair of RNA and DNA~ RNA ~ RNA polymerase ~ messenger RNA ~ miRNAs ~ tRNA ~ silencers ~ snoRNAs~ spliceosome ~ SSOs ~ trans-splicing ribozymes and therapeutics~ termination of transcription ~ translation ~ Research techniques~ SITE MAP

Eubacteria & Archaea

~ Prokaryote structure ~ The Who's Who of Bugs ~ Eubacteria ~ The Archaea~ Interactions in Bacteria ~ Phosphorylation switches ~ Horizontal Gene Transfer~ Conjugation ~ Transduction ~ Transformation ~ Domains ~ Kingdoms ~ Symbiosis~ Phylum ~ Aquifex ~ Thermotoga ~ Green nonsulfur ~ Deinococcus ~ Bacteroides-Flavobacteria ~ Planctomyces ~ Gram-positive ~ Chlamydia ~ Cyanobacteria~ Spirochetes ~ Green sulfur ~ Proteobacteria ~ Further reading

Serial Endosymbiosis

~ Serial EndosymbiosisTheory (SET) ~ Experimental evidence for Endosymbiosis~ History of ideas concerning endosymbiosis ~ Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer~ Endosymbiotic transfers ~ Diagrams of proposed mechanism of SET

Endosymbiosis

• Serial Endosymbiosis Theory (SET) • Diagrams of endosymbiotic cells• Endosymbiotic transfers • Evidence for Endosymbiosis • History of ideas concerning endosymbiosis

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis • Cyanobacterial cell • Plant cell • Chloroplast• Pigments and absorption spectra • Chlorophylls and accessory pigments• Oxygenic photosynthesis • Nonoxygenic photosynthesis • Light-reactions• Antenna and Reaction Center • Bacteriochlorophylls • Carotenoids • Phycobilins

Cyanobacteria

Items~ The Cyanobacteria ~ Photochemistry ~ Phylogenetic relationships ~ Fossilized cyanobacteria

Stromatolites

~ Cyanobacteria and stromatolites ~ Modern stromatolites – living fossils~ Stromatolite structure ~ Ancient stromatolite reefs ~ Imaging fossil cyanobacteria~ Stromatolite fossils~ Composition and structure of microbial communities from stromatolites of Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia.~ Microbial diversity of extant stromatolites in the hypersaline marine environment of Shark Bay, Australia.~ Lipophilic pigments from cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) and diatom mats in Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, Western Australia.~ Genetic potential for secondary metabolite production in stromatolite communities.~ Cyanobacteria: Fossilized cyanobacteria

Origin of Life

~ In the Beginning was Abiogenesis ~ What Is Life? ~ Origin of Life and Early Life on Earth~ Before the Beginning ~ The RNA world on ice: a new scenario for the emergence of RNA information.~ Ligation activity of fragmented ribozymes in frozen solution: implications for the RNA world -- Vlassov et al. 32 (9): 2966 -- Nucleic Acids Research~ Primordial Atmosphere.~ Efficient near ultraviolet light induced formation of hydrogen by ferrous hydroxide.~ Early Earth Atmosphere Hydrogen-rich, Favorable To Life~ The sugar model: catalysis by amines and amino acid products.~ Chemical constraints governing the origin of metabolism: the thermodynamic landscape of carbon group transformations under mild aqueous conditions.~ On the emergence of biological complexity: life as a kinetic state of matter.~ Kinetics of organic transformations under mild aqueous conditions: implications for the origin of life and its metabolism.~ Primordial carbonylated iron-sulfur compounds and the synthesis of pyruvate.~ Entropy and charge in molecular evolution--the case of phosphate.~ Activated acetic acid by carbon fixation on (Fe,Ni)S under primordial conditions.~ Ammonia formation by the reduction of nitrite/nitrate by fes: ammonia formation under acidic conditions.~ What Is Life and How Do We Search for It in Other Worlds?~ Top Down & Bottom Up ~ Primordial Soup : Theories~ The Miller-Urey experiments and beyond ~ RNA world hypothesis~ Concentration of simple aldehydes by sulfite-containing double-layer hydroxide minerals: implications for biopoesis.~ Primordial Peptides and Proteins ~ Hydrothermal vents~ Sulphate metabolism among thermophiles and hyperthermophiles in natural aquatic systems.~ The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front.~ On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments.~ Thermal force approach to molecular evolution.~ Astrobiology ~ The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life.~ Possible steps to the emergence of life: the [GADV]-protein world hypothesis.~ Metabolic Life Theory ~ Minimal Genome ~ Cairns-Smith model~ Intercalation of amino acids and peptides into Mg-Al layered double hydroxide by reconstruction method.~ In Search of the Simplest Cell ~ Cyanophyta ~ Cyanobacteria abstracts~ Modern stromatolites -- living fossils ~ Structure of stromatolites ~ Fossilized stromatolites~ Stromatolite fossils~ Three subsets of sequence complexity and their relevance to biopolymeric information.~ Photosynthesis and the origin of life. ~ Chance and necessity do not explain the origin of life.~ Of Ice and Then~ Acetogenic bacteria: what are the in situ consequences of their diverse metabolic versatilities?~ Liquid Water At Earth's Surface 4.3 Billion Years Ago, Scientists Discover~ Early Earth Likely Had Continents, Was Habitable, According To New Study~ A new pathway of autotrophic growth utilizing carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide and hydrogen.~ Identifying Noncoding RNAs in Genome Sequences~ Clays May Have Aided Formation of Primordial Cells~ Some consequences of the RNA world hypothesis.~ Obcells as Proto-Organisms: Membrane Heredity, Lithophosphorylation, and the Origins of the Genetic Code, the First Cells, and Photosynthesis~ The habitat and nature of early life : Nature~ Self-organizing biochemical cycles -- Orgel 97 (23): 12503 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences~ High solubility of random-sequence proteins consisting of five kinds of primitive amino acids.~ Catalytic effects of glycine on prebiotic divaline and diproline formation.~ How was membrane permeability produced in an RNA world?~ The two ages of the RNA world, and the transition to the DNA world: a story of viruses and cells.~ Gas hydrates and bacteria ~ Debate over origins of modern central Europeans~ Expression of acetylcholine (ACh) and ACh-synthesizing activity in Archaea.~ Darwinism and the origin of life: the role of H.C. Bastian in the British spontaneous generation debates, 1868-1873.

Abiogenesis & Evo

~ In the Beginning was Abiogenesis ~ Before the Beginning ~ Miller-Urey & Beyond~ CHONSP and RNA world ~ The evolution of the prebiotic atmosphere ~ Primordial Soup : Theories ~ Top Down & Bottom Up ~ Minimal Molecules ~ Minimal Genome ~ Archaea~ Illogical Deceit theory ~ RNA world ~ protein catalysts and ribozymes ~ A primordial RNA modification enzyme: the case of tRNA (m1A) methyltransferase. ~ genome and proteome~ Evidence Found for Origin of Genes ~ mtDNA ~ Ancient DNA ~ DNA evolutionary connections ~ evolution and organogenesis ~ Darwin ~ Darwin in the Galapagos~ MicroRNAs Have Shaped The Evolution Of The Majority Of Mammalian Genes ~ Diversity~ Selection ~ Analyses of physiological evolutionary response. ~ Multi-Level Selection~ optimization ~ Logic & Science ~ Neo-Darwinism ~ Stephen Jay Gould ~ Computer Modeling~ PLoS Genetics: The Evolutionary Value of Recombination Is Constrained by Genome Modularity ~ Evolutionary Distance Analysis & Maximum Parsimony Analysis ~ Tree of Life~ Tree of Life or Fuzzy Bush of Life ~ Comparing Gene Trees and Genome Trees: A Cobweb of Life? ~ Genomes and the Tree of Life ~ Protozoa ~ Horizontal Gene Transfer in Prokayotes~ Protists in Evolution, and Symbiogenesis ~ Proterozoic and Archaean ~ Prokaryote Systematics: The Evolution of a Science

Site addies

http://endosymbionts.blogspot.com/
http://euarch.blogspot.com/
http://cyanophyta.blogspot.com/
http://abiogenesisevo.blogspot.com/
http://phototroph.blogspot.com/
http://orgbiogen.blogspot.com/
http://biopoiesis.blogspot.com/
http://mechanismsevo.blogspot.com/
http://stromatolites.blogspot.com/
http://paleogeology.blogspot.com
http://chemistryolife.blogspot.com/

http://biochimie.blogspot.com/
http://didmpd.blogspot.com/
http://epigenes.blogspot.com/
http://insidebrain.blogspot.com/
http://karyoti.blogspot.com/
http://krebbing.blogspot.com/
http://macromole.blogspot.com/
http://syndesm.blogspot.com/
http://syndesmreceptor.blogspot.com/

stromatolites

http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/slides/stromato.html
Image on Google
The Earliest Reef
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8313/reeflect3.html
Proterozoic Domical Stromatolites Transvaal
http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/lipps/slides/07stromatodom.jpg
Girvanella oncolites
more Girvanella oncolites
more Girvanella

Possible filamentous cyanobacteria in Windyfield chert
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/cyano2.htm

Lower power of Windyfield cherthttp://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/images/plants/cyano/cyano1.jpg


Shark Bay Cyanobacteria and Stromatolites
http://www.sharkbay.org/terrestial_enviroment/page_15.htm

http://www.calm.wa.gov.au/national_parks/hamelin_pool_mnr.html

For Microfossils, stromatolites, and cyanobactieria:
http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/seite1.html

To find out more about living stromatolites see: http://www.calm.wa.gov.au/national_parks/hamelin_pool_mnr.html

To find out more about fossil stromatolites see: http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/slides/stromato.html

General Overview: Major Events in the History of Life http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology/MaiLinEvo.html

Endosymbiosis explained: http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Bacteria/symbiosis.html
Precambrian cyanobacterial colony in stromatolic carbonaceous chert, NWT, 2 Ga
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/images/slide04.gif

Precambrian filamentous cyanobacteria from Bitter Springs chert, 850 Ma
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/images/slide05.gif

cyanococci Bitter Springs chert
http://www.astrobiology.ucla.edu/images/picts/res4b.jpg

comparison of fossil and modern cyanobacteria
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/images/slide06.gif

Lyngbya confervoides
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/images/slide07.gif

Gloeocapsa sp.
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/images/slide08.gif

calcareous nannofossils and coccoliths
http://www.cushmanfoundation.org/resources/slides/calnanno.html

http://www.discoverwest.com.au/western_australia/monkey_mia.html
http://www.discoverwest.com.au/western_australia/hamlin_pool_stromatolites.html
http://www.calm.wa.gov.au/national_parks/hamelin_pool_mnr.html

http://www.soton.ac.uk/~bam2/col-index/fossi-lindex/Algae/index.htm

http://www.soton.ac.uk/~bam2/col-index/fossi-lindex/Algae/images/AL109.jpg

bacterial mats
http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/students/this_month/

http://www.reef.edu.au/asp_pages/secb.asp?FormNo=1

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ploct97.htm#stromato.gif

Anabaena
Chamaesiphon
Chroococcus
Gleocapsa
Merismopedia
Microchaete
Nostoc
Nostochopsis
Oscillatoria
Phormidium
Scytonema
Spirulina

Euryarchaeota
Halobacteriales
Methanobacteriales
Methanococcales
Methanomicrobiales
Thermoplasmales
Archaeoglobales
Methanosarcinales
Methanosarcinaceae Thermococcales

Synechococcus (images), Xenococcus (images), Microcoleus, Leptolyngbya, Plectonema, Symploca, Cyanothece (images), Pleurocapsa (images) and Nostoc. We also report the discovery of potentially free-living Prochloron (Prochloron & images). The other eubacterial isolates and clones clustered into seven phylogenetic groups: OP9, OP10, Marine A group, Proteobacteria (images), Low G+C Gram-positive, Planctomycetes (Plancomycetes & abstract & images) and Acidobacteria. We also demonstrate the presence of sequences corresponding to members of halophilic archaea of the divisions Euryarchaeota (images) and Crenarchaeota (Crenarchaeota & images) and methanogenic archaea of the order Methanosarcinales.