Alphabetized

Ю A Ю B Ю C Ю D Ю E Ю F Ю G Ю H Ю I Ю J Ю K Ю L Ю M Ю N Ю O Ю P Ю Q Ю R Ю S Ю T Ю U Ю V Ю W X Ю Y Z

Ю internal links urls A Ю internal links urls B Ю internal links urls C Ю internal links urls D
Ю internal links urls E Ю internal links urls F Ю internal links urls G Ю internal links urls H
Ю internal links urls I Ю internal links urls L Ю internal links urls M Ю internal links urls N
Ю internal links urls P Ю internal links urls R Ю internal links urls S Ю internal links urls T
Ю internal links urls V Ю internal links urls Z

Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю

Ю Evolution Ю Cell Biology Ю Chemistry of Life Ю Molecular Genetics Ю Eubacteria & Archaea Ю Endosymbiosis Ю Serial Endosymbiosis Ю Photosynthesis Ю Stromatolites
Ю Cyanobacteria Ю Origin of Life Ю Abiogenesis & Evo Ю Site addies Ю stromatolites
Ю Environments Ю Trees of Life Ю cyanobacteria algae etc Ю chemistry Ю Ribo-Protein
Ю Genes

1 - 0

: 12/23-rule : ~50-55 nt-rule :

A

o-o activator o-o active transport o-o adenylyl cyclases o-o Akt o-o allele o-o alternative splicing o-o apoptosis o-o ATP synthase o-o autoinducer

:AC : acidic amino acids : acidic and basic amino acids סּ actin ~ activator
AD ~ adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil bases ¤ adenoviruses ◊ adenylate cyclases סּ adhesion - cytoskeleton ~ adhesion molecules
AK ◊ Akt
AL ~ alternative splicing ~ allele
AM ~ amines ~ amino acids : amino acids - acidic : amino acids - acidic and basic: amino acids - basic : amino acids - polar : amino acids - non-polar ~ amphipathic
AN ф antibodies ф antigen ¤ amplification - genes
AP ф APCs
AT ◊ ATPases ~ ATPases
AU ф autoimmunity

actin : activation of immune cells : activation of RAs : acquired immunity and macrophages : adhesion and cytoskeleton : Akt in cellular survival : Akt1 activation : Akt1 action : allosteric enzymes : ALPS : anaphase : antigen-binding site : apoptosis death-receptor : apoptosis features : apoptosis in homeostasis : apoptosis mitochondrial pathway : ANT : AP1 : AP1 regulation : APC role of macrophages : APC and tumor suppression : AREs : AREs in NMD :

B

o-o base excision repair
o-o Bcl-2

ф B cells ~ base ~ bases/nucleobases adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil + phosphate → nucleotides ~ base excision repair : basic amino acids : basic and acidic amino acids »»» Basic mechanisms of evolution »» Biological Evolution »» Beyond Darwin and Neo-Darwinism »» Bottleneck »»

: bacteriochlorophyll spectra : basophils : B cell CD : B-cell life-span : Bcl-2 : B- and T-cell CD : B- and T-cell receptors : B- and T-cell stimulation :

C

o-o cadherins o-o cAMP-dependent protein kinase o-o capping o-o caspases o-o catabolite gene activator protein o-o cell adhesion o-o cellular stress response o-o chromatin o-o chromosome o-o cloroplast (plastid) o-o cis-acting elements o-o coding join o-o codon o-o cognate o-o constitutive o-o cyclin-dependent kinases o-o cytochrome c o-o cytokines

C- ¤ c-Fos ¤ c-Jun ¤ c-Myc CA ◊ cAMP-dependent protein kinase ~ CAMs ~ cadherins סּ cadherin- cytoskeleton ¤ Cancer ф cancer and immune system ф cancers of immune system ~ cap-dependent translation initiation ~ capping ¤ carcinogenesis סּ caspases ₪ cassette exons סּ catenins - cytoskeleton CD ф CD CE ~ cell adhesion molecules  Cell Adhesion Molecules ₪ cell cycle סּ cell-cycle control סּ cell growth סּ cell membranes סּ cell motility ₪ cellular fate סּ cellular signal transduction  Cell signaling סּ cellular stress response ~ cellular stress response ₪ cellular survival סּ centrioles CH סּ chemotaxis סּ chloroplast ~ chromosome items ~ chromosome סּ chromosomes CI סּ cilia ~ cis versus trans-acting factors CL ф clonal selection CO ~ codon ~ Cofactors, Coenzymes, Intermediates~ cofactor סּ communication ф complement system סּ concentration gradients »» Conjugation »» Conjugation »» Consensus »» Conjugation »» conserved »» Conserved & Consensus CY ◊ cyclin-dependent kinases ~ cyclin-dependent kinases ~ cytokines ~ cytokine receptors  Cytokines - Immune סּ cytoplasm ~ cytosine adenine guanine thymine uracil bases סּ cytoskeleton .

Internal : c-akt : c-Akt : calcium ions : cAMP-dependent protein kinase : cAMP-PK : cAMP second messenger : cap : cap (pre-initiation) : CBFA2T3 : CD : CD4 : CD8 : CD31 : CD23 : CD27 : CD40 : CD30 : c-Fos induction : cGMP second messenger : c-sis and cancer : C2H2 : C4 : C6 : c-Jun : cancer chemotherapy : beta-carotene : carotenoids caspase cascade : catenins : CBP : cell cycle, cell-cycle control : cellular-PTK : centrioles : ceramide : cilia, flagella, centrioles : centromere : checkpoints : chlorophyll : : chromatids : chromatin : chromophore : : cnp60 : : chaperones : conveyor belt : co-activators & co-repressors of estrogen receptors : c0mmon myeloid progenitor : common lymphoid progenitor : control via signal transduction : coupling : covalent : covalent bond : cytochrome -C : centrioles : cilia, flagella, centrioles : conveyor belt : CRDs : cycling assembly/disassembly of tubulin : cyclins : cytokine receptors : cytoskeletal lattice :

D

o-o DNA ligase o-o double strand breaks o-o

~ DAG ~ DAGKs ~ damage repair items ~ decay ~ decay items סּ death of cells סּ death receptor »» Deletion ф dendritic cells ~ diacylglycerol ~ diacyl glycerol kinase ₪ differentiation & embryogenesis ~ DNA ~ DNA damage by ROS ~ DNA repair ~ DNA polymerases ~ DNA ligase ~ DNA mutation and alkylation ~ double strand breaks »» Duplication »»

: DAG and PIPs : DAG and signal transduction : death-receptor in apoptosis : decapping and decay : decay of RNAs : desmosomes : DGKzeta and Ras : DGKzeta and signal transduction.html : dimers in intermediate filaments : DNA-damage and decay mechanisms : domains on immunoglobulins : double strand break repair and VDJ recombination : DSB-repair and VDJ recombination :

E

o-o endogenouso-o enhancero-o evolution o-o exogenous

סּ ECM ǒ endosymbiosis - secondary ǒ endosymbiosis SET ₪ embryogenesis & differentiation סּ endoplasmic reticulum סּ endosomes ǒ Endosymbiotic transfers (SET) † Endosymbiotic transfer events (SET) ǒ endosymbiosis - history of ideas re SET ~ energy items סּ energy transducers ~ enhancer ~ enzymes items ~ enzyme ^ Eocyte Archaea Tree ф eosinophils ~ epigenetics ₪ epigenetic mechanisms »» Epistasis ~ ERKs ₪ ESE ₪ ESS ¤ estrogen receptors ^ Eubacteria taxonomy סּ eukaryotes, eukaryotic ǒ evidence for serial endosymbiosis α Evidence Found for Origin of Genes ₪ Evo Devo ~ evolution items »» Evolution - biological ₪ evolution and gene regulation ₪ evolution and genetic variation α evolution and organogenesis α Evolutionary Distance Analysis & Maximum Parsimony Analysis √ evolutionary hotspots in genome ~ exon ₪ exons - cassette ₪ exon skipping סּ exosome ǒ Experimental evidence for Endosymbiosis סּ extracellular matrix

EGF : EGFR : eicosanoids : EJC : elongation in translation : Endo-G : Endonuclease G in apoptosis : eosinophils : epitope : ERs : ERKs : erythropoiesis : estrogen-receptors : estrogen receptors and cancer : exon junction complex : extracellular matrix components : extracellular-matrix interactions : extracellular signals and RTKs : exudate macrophages :

F

o-o FADD o-o FAS gene o-o FasL o-o fibronectin o-o
: FADD : FAS gene ○ FAS gene »» formulae in population genetics »» Founder effect »» Frameshift

: Fab : Fab region : FADD : FAK : : Fas-associated death domain : FAS and pathology : FasL : Fas ligand : Fc : Fc region : firm adhesion : FRAP1 : FRAP1 and PIKKs : free and fixed macrophages :

G

o-o GTPases
¤ gene amplification »» Gene flow ~ gene regulation ₪ gene regulation and biological evolution ~ genes »» genetics »» Genetic drift ~ Genetics Molecular Introduction »» Genetics Population Formulae ₪ genetic variation »» genome and proteome »» genome and proteome ~ genome items ~ genome ~ genetic repair - targetted סּ Golgi apparatus סּ GPCRs סּ GPCR families ф granulocytes ~ growth factors ◊ GTPases ~ guanine adenine cytosine thymine uracil bases

: G1 : G0 : G2 : gelsolin : glycosphingolipids : GPCR families and signal transduction : growth of tubulin : growth factors and tubulin : Gtx : Gtx homeobox transcription factor :

H

o-o homeostasis o-o
¤ HBV ~ helicases ф hemotopoiesis ~ heterochromatin ~ heterocyclic ¤ HIV ф HIV/AIDs ¤ HTLV-I ~ hnRNP ₪ homeobox genes ₪ homeodomain »» Horizontal Gene Transfer ~ hormones ¤ HPV ф humoral immunity ~ hydrogen bond ~ hydrophilic ~ hydrophobic

: hinge region of Igs : histones and chromosomes : HIV and cancer : HPV and cancer : hsp40 : hsp60 : hsp70 : hsp90, Hsp90 and tumor suppression : hydrogen bond :

I

0-0 intracellular translocation 0-0 intracellular transport 0-0

ф immune cytokines ¤ immune evasion ~ immunoglobulins »» Important features of the genome and proteome ф inflammatory response : inositol : inositol phospholipids : InsP3 : IP3 : »» Insertion ~ insulator ~ integrins ~ Intermediates, Coenzymes, Cofactors ~ internal ribosomal entry site ~ internal ribosomal entry ~ intron ₪ intron retention ~ IRES »» Inversion ₪ ISE ₪ ISS סּ ion channels ¤ irradiation

: Ig as adhesion molecules : Ig antigen-binding-sites : Ig chains : Ig classes : Ig domains : Ig evolution : Ig Fc regions : Ig hinge regions : Ig superfamily and antibodies : Ig-tissue locations : Ig variability : membrane- bound Ig : multimeric Igs : inflammatory macrophages : initiation of translation : integrins as adhesion molecules : intermediate filaments and cytoskeleton : intermediate filament proteins : intracellular receptors : ionic bonds : IPs second messenger : irradiation and carcinogenesis :

J

: Jun : JNK

Alphabetic links to Glossary items: ◦ A ◦ B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦ F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦ J ◦ K ◦ L ◦ M ◦ N ◦ O ◦ P ◦ Q ◦ R ◦ S ◦ T ◦ U ◦ V ◦ W ◦ X ◦ Y ◦ Z ◦

K

♦ kinases - protein ♦ kinases - receptor tyrosine ♦ kinases - serine/threonine ф killer T cells

: keratins : keratin diversity : kinases, kinases as signaling molecules : kinetochore :
Alphabetic links to Glossary items:◦ A ◦ B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦ F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦ J ◦ K ◦ L ◦ M ◦ N ◦ O ◦ P ◦ Q ◦ R ◦ S ◦ T ◦ U ◦ V ◦ W ◦ X ◦ Y ◦ Z ◦

L

ф leukocytes ф leukocyte adhesion cascade ф lymphocytes ф lymphokines ф lymphoid system

: L-selectins : labile mRNAs : lamins : lamins and cytoskeleton : leukocyte selectins : ligands :LINE-SINE : lipid raft : lipid raft constituents : lipid rafts in signaling : lipid raft types : L-selectins : life-span of B cells : life-span of macrophages : lymphopoiesis :

M

ф macrophages סּ macula adherens (desmosome) ¤ malignant transformation ◊ MAPKs √ Math & Biology √ Maximum Likelihood method סּ meiosis »» Meiosis ◊ MEK »» Mendel's Laws ¤ metastasis סּ microfilaments סּ microtubules ₪ micro RNA »» mispairing »» Missense Mutation ¤ mitogens ф MHC סּ microtubules סּ migration ф migration ~ miRNAs α MicroRNAs Have Shaped The Evolution Of The Majority Of Mammalian Genes ~ mismatch repair ¤ mitogens סּ mitosis סּ mitochondria, mitochondrion »» modern synthesis ∩∩∩ Modern stromatolites – living fossils »» Molecular Genetics ₪ molecular switches ф monocytes סּ motility ◊ MPF α mtDNA ◊ mTOR ~ mRNA ¤ mutagens α mtDNA α Multi-Level Selection ¤ mutations »» Mutation √ mutation - duplications of gene & genome ¤ MYC .

: M : MAPs : MAPK : MAPK cascade : MAPK responses : mast cells : MDM2 : MEK1 and cellular survival : MEKs and cellular survival : membrane adhesion : meromictic : meromictic environments : metaphase : metazoa-protozoa-porifera : microfilaments and cytoskeleton : microtubule-associated proteins : miRNAs and nonsense-mediated decay : mitochondrial pathway apoptosis : monacytopoiesis : mTOR signaling molecules : mutagenic carcinogens :

N

o-o neontology o-o

»» Natural selection ¤ neoplasia ¤ neoplastic mutations סּ neuronal interconnections ~ neurotransmitters ф neutrophils סּ Nitric Oxide »» Non-disjunction ¤ non-mutagenic carcinogens : non-polar amino acids »» Nonsense Mutation ~ nonsense-mediated decay ~ nonstop decay סּ nuclear membrane סּ nuclear pore ~ nuclear speckles ~ nucleic acids ~ nucleobases/bases adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil + phosphate → nucleotides ~ nucleosome ~ nucleotide ~ nucleotide excision repair סּ nuclear membrane סּ nuclear pore סּ nucleolus סּ nucleus סּ

: necrosis : neurite outgrowth and molecular switches : neutrophils : NK cells :
NK receptors : NK cells attack viral infected cells : NMD genes : NMD3 : non-malignant PDGF pathologies : non-mutagenic carcinogenesis : normal macrophages : nt-rule in nonsense-mediated decay :

O

~ Okazaki fragments ¤ oncogenes ~ open reading frame ~ oxidative stress and DNA damage ~ oxoG repair

P

o-o PCD o-o phylogenetics o-o plasmid o-o plastid o-o proto-oncogene

p53 PA ф pattern-recognition receptors PD: PDGF receptor ◊ PDK1 ◊ PDK1 PE ~ peptide סּ peroxisome »» Persistence of functional gene duplicates PH ф phagocyte סּ phagocytosis ◊ phosphatases : phosphatidic acid, PA : phosphatidylinositol : phosphatidylinositol phosphates, PIPs ◊ phosphodiesterases ¨ phospholipases : phospholipase A2 : phospholipase C family : phospolipase C-γ סּ phosphotransfer-mediated signaling pathways ◊ phosphorylases ~ phospolipid סּ photosynthesis »» Phyletic gradualism ^ Phylogenetics סּ physiological function PI ◊ PIKK ◊ PI3K : PI3K ARF : PI3K cancer : PI3K Kit : PI3K signaling ~ PIPs PL סּ plant cell PK ◊ PKA ◊ PKB ◊ PKCs PO »» point mutation : polar amino acids ~ polyadenylation ~ polypeptide : polyphosphoinositides »» Population Genetics and Formulae PR~ preinitiation complex ~ pre-mRNA ~ pre-mRNA splicing ~ promoters ~ proteome »» proteome and genome סּ prokaryotes, prokaryotic ¤ proliferation : prostaglandins סּ protein degradation סּ proteasome ◊ protein kinases סּ Protein Kinase Signaling Networks ~ proteins ~ protein tyrosine kinases ¤ proto-oncogenes PT ◊ PTEN ~ PTKs PU »» Punctuated equilibria סּ pumps סּ

P-bodies : Paks : PDGF : PDK1 and cellular survival : phagocytic macrophages : phospholipases and signal transduction : phycobilin absorption spectra : phycocyanin : phycoerythrin : PI3K and ARF : PI3K and cancer : PI3K and cellular survival : PI3K and chemotaxis : PI3K and Kit : PI3K and signaling : PI3K signaling : PIKKs and FRAP1 : PIP control : PIPs and eicosanoids : PIPs and membranes : PIPs and prostaglandins : PIP roles : PKA : PKCs as molecular switches : PKC and signal transduction : PKCs as serine/threonine kinases : PLC-gamma and PIPs : pleiotropy : predisposition to cancer : pro- and anti-apoptotic : processing bodies : prophase : prostaglandins (eicosanoids) : protein degradation : protein kinases and signal transduction : protein mediators of VDJ recombination : protozoa-porifera-metazoa : PTC and NMD : PTEN : PTK (cellular) : PT-pore :

Q

Alphabetic links to Glossary items:◦ A ◦ B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦ F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦ J ◦ K ◦ L ◦ M ◦ N ◦ O ◦ P ◦ Q ◦ R ◦ S ◦ T ◦ U ◦ V ◦ W ◦ X ◦ Y ◦ Z ◦

R

o-o receptor tyrosine kinases o-o Rho GTPases o-o

¤ radiation ¤ Ras סּ Ras ¤ Rb ф receptors סּ receptor control - cytoskeleton סּ receptor proteins סּ receptor-mediated endocytosis ~ receptor tyrosine kinases ◊ receptor tyrosine kinases ~ receptor tyrosine kinases »» Recombination ~ regulation items ₪ regulation - differentiation, gene expression, metabolism ₪ regulation of gene expression and biological evolution~ regulatory proteins ~ replication items ~ replication ~ repressor סּ reproduction ~ research items ~ response elements ~ restriction enzmes ~ retrotransposons ¤ retroviral mechanisms of carcinogenesis ¤ retroviruses ▪▪ retroviruses ~ reverse transcriptase ~ Rho GTPase ~ ribosomes סּ ribosomes ~ ribosomes - internal ribosomal entry site ~ ribosomal structure ~ ribosome shunting ~ ribozymes ~ ribozymes in repair of RNA and DNA ~ RNA ~ RNA items ~ RNA polymerase ~ RNA processing items ~ RNA processing ▪▪ RNA viruses ~ rRNAs ~ RTKs

: radiation and carcinogenesis : Raf1 activation : RAGs : RAGs in VDJ recombination : Ras activation : Ras amplification : Ras function : Ras molecular switches : Ras mutation : Ras superfamily : receptor classes in signal transduction : RES : RES cells : RES components : RES macrophages : reticulo-endothelial system : reticulo-endothelial cells : reticulo-endothelial system components : retroposons : retrotransposons : RSS : RSS in VDJ recombination.html : RKIP : RNA decay mechanisms : RTK functions : RTKs as molecular switches : RTK signal ligands : retroviral mechanisms

S

o-o second messengerso-o serine/threonine kinases o-o signal join o-o spindle o-o spliceosomes o-o splice-sites o-o structure - cellular o-o sulfur bacteria

~ second messengers ǒ Secondary endosymbiosis ~ selectins ~ self-splicing ǒ Serial Endosymbiosis Theory (SET) ǒ SET chloroplast origins ǒ SET endosymbiotic transfers ǒ SET evidence ǒ SET gene transfer ǒ SET history of ideas ǒ SET mitochondrial origins ǒ SET plastid origin ǒ SET proposed mechanisms - diagrams ◊ serine/threonine kinases ~ serine/threonine kinases סּ signal transduction ₪ signaling סּ signaling cascades ~ signaling items ф signaling סּ signaling gradients ¤ signaling molecules ~ silencers »» single nucleotide polymorphism ~ snoRNAs »» SNP »» Speciation סּ spindle ~ splicing items ~ splice-site ~ spliceosome סּ spindle ¤ SRC genes ~ SSOs סּ structure ф surface receptors »» synthesis »» The modern synthesis

: S : scaffold of tubulin : selectin family : selectins and CRDs : selectins and leukocytes : SERMs : Ser-Thr-Ks as molecular switches : serpentine : signaling and adhesion role of STKs : single nucleotide polymorphism : sis : see c-sis Ю C : serine/threonine kinases and control of cytoskeleton : SINEs and LINEs : SNP : SPF : S- phase promoting factor : spindle and tubulin : sulfur springs : surface receptors and Akt : synaptic complex : synaptic complex and VDJ recombination :

T

o-o T-antigens o-o taxonomy o-o trans-acting factors o-o transcription o-o transcription factors o-o translation o-o transposable elements o-o transport o-o tRNA o-o tumorigenic viruses o-o tumor suppressors

¤ T-antigens ^ Taxonomy ^ taxonomic concepts history ф T cells »» The modern synthesis ~ thermochemistry ~ thymine guanine adenine cytosine uracil bases ф thymus ¤ TP53 סּ transport ~ transcription items ~ transcription ~ transcription factors ~ transcription initiation ~ termination of transcription »» Transduction »» Transformation »» transition »» Translocation ~ transposable elements ~ trans-splicing ribozymes and therapeutics ~ translation items ~ translation ~ translation elongation ~ translation initiation ~ translation initiation - cap dependent ~ translation termination »» transversion ~ tRNA ¤ tumor antigens ¤ tumor suppressors ¤ tumorigenic viruses סּ two-component systems

: T-antigens : T cell CD : T- and B cell CD : T-cell receptors : T-cell stimulation : tandem repeats : TCRs : telophase : termination of translation : TGF-â : tissue location of molecular switches : TNF and cytokines : TNFR : TNF-R action : TNF-R and Fas : TP53 : transition : translation cap : translation initiation : translation elongation : translation termination : transposable elements : transposase : transposition : transposons : transversion : TRs : TREs : tubulin chains : tubulin cycles : tubulin and centriole, tubulin centriole, : tubulin and cilia : tubulin dimerization : tubulin and flagellum : tubulin growth : tubulin and growth factors : tubulin and GTP : tubulin scaffold : tubulin and spindle : tubulin and transport : tumors and RTKs :